Research in the Primary English Classroom

 Action research can be a very valuable way to extend our teaching skills and gain more understanding of ourselves as teachers, our classroom and our students. We need to think about the space in the sense that they must be given opportunity to express their views that they must be given a voice so they are facilitated and helped to express their views. Research with children where they actually help in creating and being part of the decision process maybe help you select certain items to go in your what you're looking for in the research or deciding what to do with the research after all. In this time, I like to share and give my explanation to you about what is the purpose of research in the primary English classroom to young learners?

We have to ensure that we respect children's rights and than we ask them if they want to be involved or not. Research in the primary English classroom is becoming increasingly part of teacher education and teacher professional development. We also need to explain the study to the children so we give them the information. So what you have to do is very simple. You will just have to respond to a short questionnaire and participate normally in the enjoyable pair work activities we do in class. As a language teacher, we should give the formal language and than use paraphrases and make it simple for the children so that was an interesting strategy.

Assessment

 Children are very different from adults, they need lots of attention, play, and engagement both of home and at school, so it's a good idea to include these things when we ask them to take a test. By young learners, we usually mean children between the ages of five and seventeen, it's a very wide age range so they don't all have the same qualities or behave in exactly the same ways. each age group has different needs and speeds of development, but they all need to have some elements of fun and interest in a language test. As a teacher, you can be sure to helping them to show their knowledge to the very best of their ability. Children learn to respect and accept each others through assessing each other's work. This possibly influenced the classroom atmosphere, then children trust each other more and it's also minimize negative aspect of competition. In this time, I like to share and give an explanation about how teacher assessing young learners effectively?

Assessing young children's knowledge may sound a bit harsh at first, But it's a crucial part of teaching and learning. Teacher need to monitor and aid children's progress and aware of what the students know and what difficulties they are facing in order to give them feedback. It also important for teacher to provide children with evidence of their progress and enhance motivation, this will have children to see themselves learning more and they will become encouraged to learn more. We need to improve our skills and have a good preparation for teaching young learners, so we should monitor our performance and plan future work to find out how effective our methodology and materials were. In my opinion, to make sure that our performance is good for our students, we need to provide information for parents, colleagues and school authorities, it's important to keeping related people informed about the student's processes.

Material Evaluation and Material Design

 All teachers can benefit by taking explicit steps to compare and evaluate the textbook objectively, so that the textbooks and the use of the textbooks is the best match to the needs of the students. Material can be defined as anything which is used to help to teach language learners. Material cab refer to anything which is used to help to teach language learner. By the end of the course, you will be able to evaluate and adapt existing materials and design your own teaching materials.  Learners learn not only from what they read and hear, they also learn from interaction with others and from the process of carrying out tasks. This learning goes beyond the merely linguistic, for example like negotiating meaning, arguing a point of view and so on. In this time, I want to share and give some explanation to you about how  to make the material evaluation and material design to young learners?

Evaluation can be said to be an activity where we can access the quality of something and something we're talking about is material. Material may refer to any objects that teachers can use to help them to convey ideas, to make their students study and learn, to get used to new concepts they are teaching in the class and for the students, material can help them to understand the concepts more doing some more exercises, pre-driving information that teachers have thought. It may be less conscious, but no less manifest, in the nature of the reality depicted visually and verbally in materials, in the relationship and roles envisaged for teacher, learner and also perhaps most subtly in the language selected for inclusion. It has been suggested that knowing a language is inseparable from understanding the culture in which the language is spoken. Without cultural knowledge of fairly specific kinds, one can't understand what is said or written.

Learning to Learn

 How do children learn? yuppp, they learn by doing, children are active learners and thinkers. Children learn by interacting with their environment. So when you are teaching English, you should bring in realia or real objects so they can share and talk about what they seen, heard, and learned. Children also learn through social interaction because we learn through interaction with other. For example, children learn to walk and talk with guidance from their parents, for your students the interaction with you as a teacher is extremely important. Your students need a guide to learn new things. When you're learning, you're often thinking tightly as you're focusing on something.  You need a different way of thinking, a new perspective in a sense. In this time, I like to share and explain to you about how to learning to learn as a teachers especially for teaching English to young learners.

Children learn effectively through scaffolding by adults. As English teachers, we are the scaffolding for our students. You have to hold your students up as they build their understanding of language. Use your creativity to create interest in the task, one important note, if the task is not interesting to children, you are going to have a difficult time making them interested in it. However  you can create interest in a storytelling activity, a song, or a game. Use these types of activity to teach language and you will have your students attention. Whenever you're sitting down to solve a new problem or analyze a new idea, for you, it's just a creative and you want to use some of these creative approaches.

Teaching Vocabulary and Grammar

Grammar is an important part of learning a language and learners certainly perceive it like that. But actually vocabulary is much more important part if the process. When we teaching vocabulary, what do we need to think about? there's probably more to this than you've initially thought. As language teachers, we really need to think about the language that we're teaching and what aspects of it are difficult or problematic for learners, so that we can help them through this maze and we do this at the planning stage. As we teaching any language system  it's helpful to think of it in terms of meaning, form, and pronunciation, there are should be prepare for students so they can use it in their daily life. In this time, I want to share and give some explanation about how we teach the vocabulary and grammar to young learners?

One simple way to help students develop their speaking abilities is to give them plenty of opportunities to speak. As grammar and vocabulary are an integral part of our classes, they provide opportunities for this. We can use many material teaching to support the grammar and vocabulary learning in a classroom. So we can make some practice about their abilities to make sure they can listen words carefully, that this activity requires students to pronounce words correctly and confidently. It is also more helpful if students say their words quickly as this will help the other students to remember them more easily. The students are developing some basic speaking abilities, they need to pronounce the language correctly, they need to speak loudly and confidently. Focusing only on the language is not enough, they need to focus on the meaning in order to remember. This simple activity will get everyone in the class used to speaking and thus prepare them for more dynamic speaking activities later.

Teaching Reading and Writing

Everyday lives we do both, we read and write. We read emails and respond, we also read WhatsApp messages  and answer back. so the question is "How can we implement a class activity that helps students develop both reading and writing skills at the same time? Integrated reading and writing instruction means that the teaching is combined by having classroom activities, in which students can become aware or conscious about the connections between them. In this time, I want to share and explain to you about how we teaching reading and writing to young learner effectively? 

It's important to share with students why you're doing a particular activity in a particular order. This is especially true when developing students reading skills. Each student reads at a different pace and focuses on varied aspects of a reading text, in a language class with students of mixed abilities, students will understand different parts of a text, to help students develop their reading skills, we should follow the sequence and tell them what we doing. first of all, you should tell them it is important to have an idea of the text before they start reading. We can use the reading book as a media for learn and, give a minute for read and  ask them what they found out, they'll be surprised how much they read in a short time, praise them for it. Your course book will probably provide you with a few comprehension exercises for the reading text and in this way improve their reading skills, you can develop your students critical thinking by encouraging them to apply the reading process.

Writing is a process and it is important for your students to understand this. Writing involves brainstorming ideas, organizing them, writing the text, and publishing it for others to read. Promote writing to read instead of the traditional idea of reading to write. When students are asked to write about what they learn, they are challenged to organize information consequently. They are better equipped to comprehend material and improve reading comprehension. all you have to do is make a plan activities that connect to each other, remember that it is important to make our students aware of this relationship so they become encouraged to read and writing more.

Teaching Listening and Speaking

Hi English teachers, do you want your students to talk more in English? they have to feel comfortable and confident first. If not, it will be difficult to encourage them to speak out. The key is to make your classroom atmosphere fun, interesting, and motivating for them. It's not a secret that developing and improving listening skills as a hard task. It takes time and effort specially if you're not exposed to English, so the only thing we can do is still listen as much as possible. It's not that easy because lacking of vocabulary and grammar for us guess in the way and apart from that, it's sometimes so hard to understand native speaker because of the connected speech and reductions that they use all the time when they speak to speak faster and more naturally. In this time I like to share and give some explanation to you about how to teaching listening and also speaking to young learners.

Because of those reductions the language flows, sound smoothly and not choppy and abrupt. There is talking about speaking and for listening the bottom line is that we have to try our ears and we have to know what to look for and what to pay attention to when we were listening. For very young learners under 7 years old, you can use songs, stories, and simple games to encourage them to practice speaking. As young learners get older, you may have to help them become more confident to use English in the classroom. Teaching classroom language will help your students talk more in English, you can make a few posters and put them on your classroom wall. If you don't have your own classroom, you can put them up at the beginning of class and then take them down at the end.

Policy: Primary ELT Programs

ELT allows learning more about global language such as I understand more about global language but it also helps us to teach that language more effectively and ELT is a career that offers travel and works worldwide. In my opinion that ELT perfectly complements other humanities subjects. Humanities help us to understand others, it helps us to understand our work, it helps us to think creatively and critically. I think that ELT becomes the most important thing in the future for better education to start learning about English. Of course to thinking of taking ELT is firstly be willing to engage with others, secondly, be willing to listen to others, and lastly be willing from others. as well as of course that share their own experience with others because it's that interaction of sharing our ideas and experiences which makes the learning process so rich and rewarding. now I would like to share and give some explanation to you about how to run the ELT programs as an English teacher.

The first is getting attention. It is boring and confusing for an audience if the speakers directly start talking about Concepts where the audience has little knowledge. Engage the audience and ask some questions, this relatively short phase has to address the topic you are going to talk about. By doing this, the audience will be able to bring up the prior knowledge regarding the topic and create conceptual hooks that they can use for the run of all of the programs.

Second is the variations some speakers are so charismatic that you can listen to them for hours and hours. But even then, the brain is not capable of keeping full attention all the time. Just like you have to bring variation regarding what you eat like vegetables meat, fruits and so on. You also have to bring variation to the participants. for example like show a movie, do a brainstorm, ask questions, use objects, do a quiz, and so on. This does not mean that you can't just tell what you have to say, it means that you can step outside your comfort zone and try something new.

Learning a Second/Third Language at Home and at School

Learning a foreign language is hard. why? yes, it could be because of the different sounds, different letters, and a different grammar structure. It's important for children to understand another language, a culture, to gain experience, to have teachers that are passionate about teaching those languages as well really opens those eyes and really opens those opportunities for children that they may not think are necessarily available to them. Now I wanna tell you and try to explain about how the young learners learning a second/third language at home and at school.

In my opinion, when we want to learn a foreign language, first, we should learn about grammar. Of course, grammar is important grammatical structures are the building blocks of language but the approach to teaching grammar should match the way students learn. children do not learn languages effectively through grammatical explanations Young Learners gain an understanding of the grammar through repetition and recycling language in different contexts. You need to provide a meaningful context to teach language. children will be able to see how grammar works within a story song or cartoon. through the context and through meaningful repetition they learn the grammar. through the context and through meaningful repetition they learn the grammar. you can help them by creating an English-speaking environment in your classroom. you have to present English in authentic and meaningful ways real communication put language in action and promote interaction.

Learning the First Language at Home and at School

 Collaborating with parents is such an advantage as a teacher because we get to explore and hear about the students cultural backgrounds and that will translate in the classroom talking about different academic words that we can translate into their language. We should revive our culture and traditions so that they get connected to their parents. To still have their first language support at home before they even come to school and then they have an easier time of transferring those skills to the English language. In this time I like to explain about how the student learn their first language at home and at school.

Language is our way to express our memories and thoughts. Human beings are born with an innate ability to learn spoken language. Parents and the students are able to communicate better and explore various topics better when they can communicate in their language. All that then needs to be done is they transfer that information back into the classroom and because they have so much knowledge that them and their parents have communicated about they're better able to express it in the classroom and again enrich our classroom environment. Understanding that people contribute in different ways and that some of those ways would be through the different languages that they speak, they begin to understand and appreciate the great benefits of being diverse. In this way that we think and our experiences as well as the way we communicate. There are so many things that should we teach to our student, for example there are gestures and image. Gestures are an important part of a child development of language. Research has shown that when a child gestures he means,  he or she is acquiring vocabulary. other Studies have also shown that images are powerful in the acquisition of language, when the students learning about vocabulary and they see the image, it's become an easier ways for them to memorize the words in English.

Learning & Development

 Education is certainly very influential on the future of young learners. for that, it is our duty as teachers to improve quality and find the best way to apply it to students to create a classroom atmosphere that can make students understand what is being taught and make them enthusiastic to continue learning. Many ways have been done to develop an effective and efficient learning system for young learners and various ways have been attempted to make it a system that can run well and accepted by students. In its development, English has certainly become one of the main supporters that greatly influences learning in schools for the present and the future. Therefore, I will try to share my experience on the application of English for young learners and how to develop it so that it becomes interesting learning.

We must have the awareness to understand the situation and condition of our students, there may be obstacles in social, economic, and so on. For this reason, before starting learning, it must be ensured that all students must be prepared mentally and knowledgeable in order to be able to follow the lesson well and be able to listen to all the material given by the teacher. the second is instruction, being a teacher or educator must be a good and exemplary role model, for that it must show a mature and wise attitude to students as a good example for and be a guide for them to continue to behave friendly and polite to everyone

In our introduction to multilingual languages, we must know that it is important to have multiple languages for various purposes because language itself is created as a unity and characteristic of each country. Our understanding of this diverse language should be started by those who do not know the importance of applying language. When we master multilingual languages, we are ready for all matters that are directly related to other people, for example, when we have a meeting with superiors or colleagues from other countries, of course, we do not use our native language, but use the language we use. has been used by all over the world and is commonly used for various purposes, namely English.

My Experience of Teaching Young Language Learners.

 Teaching is one of my favorite activities, by teaching we can share knowledge with anyone and can be useful for them. because my passion is in learning English, I have studied English since childhood and like to practice speaking English with my parents and friends. When I studied English, I felt that this knowledge was very useful in the future, and my mother said that if I could be successful in it, she would be very proud of what I did and got with the effort I put in. it makes me happy and does not hesitate to deepen and learn everything related to English such as how to pronounce words in English, write words, and speak to other people using English. At this time, my desire to continue to develop my knowledge is getting bigger and I am determined to be able to teach in schools one day. for that, I am very excited and continue to learn to achieve my goal to become a teacher. I hope that my intention to become a teacher can be useful for education in Indonesia and educate this country with useful knowledge. and at this time, I will share a little of my experience about teaching young language learners and the advantages, difficulties, and how to solve the problem. 

This is where the story begins, when I was in semester 1, we got a final assignment from our lecturer, her name was ma'am Erni Murniarti, she gave us the task to make a video teaching elementary school students explaining about learning English for elementary school level. the first thing that came to my mind was, "How can I do it?" why am I surprised? because I have never personally taught before, going to school to teach like a teacher and teaching elementary school students. Some of my friends also feel the same way. but for me, that is the challenge where we have to prepare mentally and the lessons to be taught. long story short, eight of my friends and I were placed in an elementary school, namely SDN Cawang 12. we were assigned to groups and taught in different classes and each of us had a different teaching experience, some were annoyed because of the noisy class conditions, and who are happy with the quiet classroom conditions.

Talking about the values ​​and advantages of teaching young language learners, there were many positive things that I got while teaching at SDN Cawang 12 at that time, even though it was only for my final project and taking grades, I consider it as my first step to continue learning and honing My teaching skills are better than before. as long as I teach, many things that I can learn are to remain patient in dealing with students who have childish nature, the teacher tends to get angry and yell at students, but that is not the right way, what should be done is to respond to them in a gentle way and words and friendly so that they do not hesitate to us. Another advantage is that I am reminded to continue to learn and understand how to deliver teaching to students so that they understand and don't get bored with what I teach, maybe with a cheerful and enthusiastic demeanor, they will join the enthusiasm to join the class and listen to my explanation with high enthusiasm. that's all I can share. That is all and thank you.

Table Manner & Accommodation Tour

Table manner is the rules of etiquette that are used when people eat their foods at the dining table. Table manners also include the appropriate use of cutleries and utensils. Different cultures might come with different rules when it came to table manners Table manners were designed to keep people from scarfing food down like animals, so learn them before you eat with others. One of the most important things to keep in mind is that you should never call attention to yourself by blatantly breaking the rules set by society.

 Exercise 1

1.  These table manners that are related to Indonesian customs are still very strong in Indonesia, especially when you attend traditional events or ceremonies. For example, table manners that are applied when you came to events or ceremonies that use Javanese custom. If you eat with Javanese table manners, every move, saying, and attitude that you show should be noticed. for the International Table manner, The fork and knife should remain in your hands at all times. Europeans tend to be more strict about table manners than Americans are. Do not rest your elbows on the table, but keep both hands above the table at all times. 

2. Eat slowly and pace yourself to finish at the same approximate time as the host or hostess.

Never talk when you have food in your mouth, even if someone asks you a question, wait until you swallow before answering.

Turn off your cell phone before sitting down. It is rude to talk on your phone or text while in the company of others.

3. Yes, we can. very important to us when we attend important events and are invited by people in high positions. we also have to adjust the correct table manner and apply it to make it look more thoughtful and polite

4. I choose the American style because it's an easier and flexible way to eat than the Continental style/European style

5. try many styles in table manner and pay close attention to them because each country has different ways and uses so you can adapt wherever you will eat and get used to applying it

Male and Female Relationships

Relationships can benefit greatly from a multicultural understanding between men and women. People in relationships often have strong expectations that their partner will be just like they are: exhibit the same attitudes, values,  perceptions, and behaviors.  However, we know that you will not change your partner’s attitudes and behaviors unless they themselves are motivated to do so.  You are even less likely to change their basic gender characteristics.d the gender differences in emotional behavior and assert that, “many women express unhappiness primarily with what they perceive as men’s unwillingness or incapacity to ‘do’ the emotional intimacy which appears to them necessary to sustain close heterosexual couple relationships.” Emotional expressivity is one facet of communication and this research will further explore its effects on relationships.  

So it is very important to educate yourself as to the basic gender differences which exist between men and women and accept the fact that the differences are there, they are real, and they are not going away.  In this way, you can learn to use the differences as a way to enrich your relationship rather than damage it.

 Exercise 1

1. Women's liberation‘ refers to the collection of opinions and developments that seek to end discrimination against women. Equal right for women is the goal.

2. Homosexuals (gay & lesbian) have become much less reluctant than they used to be o be openly acknowledged their sexual orientation.

3.  Most of these women were once married, although an increasing number of American women are deliberately having children with no intention of having a husband.

4. People, particularly younger ones, feel freer than they once did to talk about sex-related subjects, such as human sex organs, menstruation, and other things. It‘s also portrayed in many videos, songs, movies, and literature.

5. Most single-parent households are headed by women. Most of these women were once married, although an increasing number of American women are deliberately having children with no intention of having a husband.

Cultural Conflicts

 Conflict that occurs across cultural boundaries thus is also occurring across cognitive and perceptual boundaries, and is especially susceptible to problems of intercultural miscommunication and misunderstanding. These problems exacerbate the conflict, no matter what the root causes of it including strictly material interests may be. In this sense culture is an important factor in many sorts of conflicts that at first may appear to be exclusively about material resources or negotiable interests.conflict occurring between individuals or social groups that are separated by cultural boundaries can be considered “cross-cultural conflict.” But individuals, even in the same society, are potentially members of many different groups, organized in different ways by different criteria.

 Exercise 1 

1.  Because people fail to interpret verbal and non-verbal communication correctly. As we know that non-verbal language is more difficult than verbal language because one culture to another has a different sign and meaning system.

2. Cultural conflicts as the result of ethnocentrism, misinterpretation, and stereotype can be prevented by increasing awareness of our own attitude and sensitivity to cross-cultural differences.

3. Cultural conflict occurs as a result of ethnocentrism, misinterpretation, and stereotype.

4. These stereotypes develop from jokes, textbooks, movies, and television. Stereotypical beliefs prevent us from seeing people as individuals with unique characteristics.

5. Speakers from different cultures assume that what they believe is right because they have grown up thinking their way is the best and this may result in negative attitudes and judgments toward other cultures.

Exercise 2 

1. B

2. D

3. B

4. D

Cultural Shock

Culture shock is considered a natural thing for most international students. However, this should not be taken lightly because it can trigger acute depression. For that, for those of you who intend to continue studying abroad, it's a good idea to read this article first. Usually, students who experience culture shock are those who are still unstable in adapting. Environmental conditions, especially campuses and classes that do not meet expectations, are known to be one of the factors causing the symptoms of culture shock. 

Exercise 1 

1. Culture shock happens when people become anxious because they do not speak the language, know the custom or understand people‘s in daily life.

2. Honeymoon period is full of observations and new discoveries. Like most honeymoon periods, this stage eventually ends.

3. Culture shock can be prevented by striving to become more culturally relativistic and flexible in thinking and behavior, by developing a real enthusiasm for learning about the host culture and by forming real intercultural relationships

4. People adjusting to a new culture often feel lonely and homesick because they are not yet used to the new environment and meet people with whom they are not familiar every day. 

5. Successful cross-cultural communications is a fairly straightforward proposition. With the correct attitude, a few good cultural informants, a few cross-cultural communications concepts and some time spent as a participant-observer, a person will quite naturally develop a repertoire of intercultural interaction skills.

Non-Verbal Communication

 Did you ever hear anyone tell you that 90% of communication is nonverbal? now if you look at the broadcaster on TV, you'll see how they communicate. They will have to rely on your body language for your facial expressions to deliver the emotion of your message, not all communication is done with words. people look at you to show they are listening and smile when they like you. you can tell if someone is shy excited or blue, long before you talk to them. we use nonverbal communication every day in every conversation. I will try to answer all of the exercises related to Non-verbal communication.

Exercise 1

1 (a)  Non-verbal communication is the process of communicating through sending and receiving wordless messages. 

(b) pasted smile: This typically indicates suppressed displeasure or forced agreement of some sort.

twisted smile: Shows opposite emotions on each side of the face.

dropped jaw smile: More of a practiced fake smile than an instinctive one. The jaw is dropped lower than in a natural smile, the act of which creates a smile.

smile - head tilted, looking up:  from which the smile is directed via the eyes at the intended target.

(c) Eye contact is important because is extremely important during communication and conversation. Sometimes, our eyes and body language speak even more than words. Keeping eye contact with the person you are talking to shows that you are actively listening and paying attention.

2 (a) If a person in Indonesia is welcoming another person, they may put their hand on their heart or even bow slightly. When meeting new people, business attire represents a conservative person.  Also, women are expected to dress in attire that covers them from head to toe.  This represents Muslim tradition and also conservatism.

(b) aims to be seen by others as polite and knows how to be ethical and understand the existing values and norms

(c) By using non-verbal communication in conversation, they can learn that the responses given can be easily understood and between each other they understand each other's goals to be conveyed so that they begin to grow respect when speaking verbally.

Exercise 2 

 1. C

2. B

3. A

4. B

Exercise 3

1. C. saying "waiter!"

2. B. backing up slowly

3. C. raising hand

4. C. tap the secretary on the shoulder

5. D. smile

Exercise 4

There are so many people who behave the same as Li who are shy and don't dare to speak, but we have to look at the situation and try to adjust it. what did Ms. Davidson is right. he just wanted to know how active his students were when they were in class and asked his students about the assignments. Li thought that when he spoke without being asked it was rude and he looked embarrassed and looked down when his teacher asked. that's a natural thing and it would be nice if we see the condition that when the teacher is asking a question, we should answer it and pay attention to it with a little eye contact or something.

Intercultural Communication

The world today is characterized by an ever-growing number of contacts resulting in communication between people with different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. This communication takes place because of contacts with the areas of business military cooperation science, and education. In all these contacts there is a communication that needs to be constructed as possible without misunderstandings and breakdown. There is therefore a need to explain the manner in which Intercultural communication skills enable greater Effectiveness in personal and professional life. So, what is Intercultural communication? It refers to the effective communication between people workers and people of different cultural backgrounds. It also refers to communication between people whose cultural perceptions and single systems thinking of ordering the communication event. I will answer all of the exercises and try to more understand intercultural communication in our daily life.

Exercise 1

True/False Questions :

1. Japanese are coming into contact with people from other countries more often these days ( True )

2. Intercultural communication only involves communication between people from different countries       ( False )

3. A study about what techniques Americans use to persuade and what techniques Japanese use to              persuade would involve intercultural communication ( True )

4. International communication is communication between individuals from different nations ( True )

5. A program preparing Japanese workers to go to their company's office in England would be taking a      culture specific approach ( True )

6. When the sender and receiver are from the same culture, the receiver is likely to interpret the                  message the way the sender intends, because they share similar values, beliefs, expectations, etc.            ( True )

7. When cultures are very different, there is a greater likelihood that a message will be misinterpreted         ( True )

8. Because their language, religion, philosophy, and social attitudes are so different, and American              farmer and a Chinese farmer would not have anything in common ( False )

9.  Perceptions of beauty are the same in all cultures ( False )

10. Though beliefs and values vary within a culture, certain beliefs and values are held in common in            one culture ( True )

11. When there are different expectations for behavior, there can be difficulties between people of                different cultures ( True )

12. Families in the United States and Japan are very different in the way they communicate ( True )

13. The family and the school are both important social institutions for passing along culture ( True )

14. . Language is not an obvious cultural barrier ( False )

15. . Language is not a barrier to communication for people with the same native language ( True )

16. We tend to think a lot about how we communicate nonverbally ( False )

17. One way to improve communication with people of a different culture is to learn about both that            culture and your own culture ( True )

Exercise 2

1. There is a stereotypical case where Linda says that Han is really good with numbers. in fact, Han is from China and as we know most Chinese people are merchants, businessmen, and so on. So, when Linda said to Han like that, I think this is become a stereotype that chinese people are familiar with money, counting and numbers and she only judges from his appearance.

2. Han shouldn't lie to James that tonight he's going on a date with Linda, James will assume that what Han said is true and will directly ask Linda about it. what was feared was that Linda thought that if she communicated with Han, whatever she said would be different if someone else said it back and that would lead to misunderstandings.

3. We must be able to ensure to Han that whatever he hears from other people, when he wants to convey it again with a different person must be the same as what he heard before. if he lies or makes up his own story, it will only make your interlocutor wonder what you said and confused to make sure that what you say is true or false.

Space

Talking about space, infinitely expands in which everything exists us Earth the solar system galaxies black holes everything we know, and probably a lot more than we don't. With space exploration, we have to consider how we are using that language, and what it carries from the history of exploration on Earth. Even if words like “colonization” have a different context off-world, on somewhere like Mars,  with space exploration, we have to consider how we are using that language, and what it carries from the history of exploration on Earth. Even if words like “colonization” have a different context off-world, on somewhere like Mars. In this topic, I will discuss space and how about my perspective through space.

Being able to go into space is everyone's desire and many researchers have made a research on other planets that have the potential to become new residences for humans in the future. they said that it took a very long time and with the help of advanced technology to be able to quickly complete their project in the research. Of course, it is a question for many people regarding the planet Mars and the Moon which continues to be studied whether there is life there or not. all that is just a mystery that has not been solved and becomes a study. Therefore, many developed countries such as the United States of America, China, Russia, and other countries are designing rockets and spaceships that have high tech so they can go into space and research everything related to planets and other mysteries.

Thank you and enjoy :)

Learning

Education is one of the main things for children to shape their character, knowledge, and way of thinking to make decisions. therefore it must be started early so that they understand that education is very important for them to get. starting from kindergarten to college it is very meaningful if they can complete their education. It is also important for parents to strive to provide their children with proper education to prepare them for real-life when they are adults. they need teaching that says that one of the successes is because of the role of education in it so that they appreciate the struggle of their parents to finance them and hopefully they can become responsible children with their work in the future. I will discuss a little about the importance of education and explain the meaning of education for my life.

In following the lessons given at school, of course, being able to make children gain knowledge and the ability to think so that this can be realized, teachers who have good teaching skills are also needed with appropriate methods to increase children's motivation to continue to be enthusiastic about learning one of them is by changing the teaching style with things that students like, such as studying outside the room. I hope it can create new thoughts for students that learning is very fun and will not cause boredom. Teachers can also find ways so that children can easily understand the material being taught, such as by showing videos or pictures in presentations, it is a way for students not to get bored and understand all the material well. Talking about education, if they have grown and developed into active children in the class, it is hoped that when they are in lectures, they can easily follow the lessons given by the lecturer and do all assignments well so that they get good grades and can make their parents proud they.

As John Dewey once said that "Education is not preparation for life, education is life itself" so education is the key to our lives and with education, we can also share with others and make them know something. many people have felt the benefits of being serious in school and finally getting a decent job in order to pay for their living, it should also be noted for students who are about to graduate that they have to prepare themselves for a more difficult world of work and use their abilities to work well.

Thank you and enjoy :)

Mysteries

 There are so many mysteries that are certainly unsolved and researchers are so busy thinking about it all that it takes a very long time to research more deeply about what is happening in this world. there are also many historical objects and past events that are still being studied by scientists and researchers. Starting from finding out what is in the vast open ocean, finding out the existence of dinosaurs, and so on. All of that will be an amazing discovery when it has managed to find strong evidence that its research is real and can show an event or thing in the past. For that, this topic is very interesting to discuss and I will give my opinion about what mysteries are that I want to know and how researchers and scientists research things.

Talking about mysteries, I have a few questions regarding this topic. I think the mystery that exists in this world becomes an event that can be useful for humans in the future, not only as a new insight but as history that events and things that happened in the past are true and when it has been proven that something is real, then there is a satisfaction that the hard work of these researchers and scientists brings results and can be remembered forever. The mystery that many people are worried about is that the old building was there during the war era, many researchers also made a search about the events and what they found during the search. It becomes very interesting to know so that what is the mystery can be solved thanks to those who are struggling to make research about it.

Thank you and enjoy :)

Danger

In life, of course, there is such a thing as difficult situations and easy situations, as humans who experience it must have been in both situations where we live life as usual. The circumstances that make us happy, of course, we also feel with our pleasant actions such as having family, friends, friends, and so on. The existing conditions make us understand more that we must be ready with all existing conditions. Talking about danger, it is very synonymous with disasters or events that we did not expect before, such as fires, robberies, kidnappings that occur in this world, this is what causes this difficult situation to arise. starting from the number of victims due to disasters, material losses, and so on. I will discuss the dangers that occur and maybe I will tell you how when we face such dangerous situations.

There are so many unexpected events that are reported on TV such as natural disasters, fires, and others. Praise God I have never experienced anything like that and I am grateful that I am still given protection and protected from common disasters. but as we also know that the dangers commonly experienced by humans do not only come from disasters such as the one above, but also by deviant human actions that result in danger to the health of the human body and the surrounding environment. such as humans who smoke, dispose of factory waste, air pollution caused by the number of private vehicles and public transportation, and so on.

These are all forms of danger that can harm the health and comfort of humans who live side by side with those who are not responsible for maintaining and caring for the environment properly. To be able to realize a good environment, awareness is needed from the actors who previously polluted the environment with the various mistakes they made. they must also realize that what they are doing is wrong and has a bad impact on themselves and others. especially for children, we must be able to guide and set a good example for them on how to protect and care for the environment starting from small things such as throwing garbage in its place, consuming healthy food, and so on. If we manage to set a good example for them, I guarantee that this world will be much better in the future to create a healthy and comfortable environment.

Thank you and enjoy :)

Competition

In a competition, of course, there are winners and losers. Competition is usually synonymous with sports. many of the sports that become the center of attention of many people with the holding of competition, especially in Indonesia, which is very fond of football. this is commonplace and makes the situation at the time of the competition become excited and crowded due to fans who come to support their favorite team and watch them live. Many of them also not only watch the game but also do the sport they like. Honestly, I'm a little confused about the competition because I rarely participate in competitions and I will share my experience about the competitions I participate in and what sports I like.

I quite like sports but only as a hobby, therefore I very rarely participate in competitions. When I was in high school, there was a school anniversary event and various sports-related competitions were held such as soccer, basketball, volleyball, and so on competitions. because I like to play basketball so I decided to take part in the inter-class basketball competition and I practice with my classmates to prepare it so that we can play well during the competition. As a result, we lost and did not qualify for the next round. but that's not a problem, in competitions winning and losing is commonplace and we just have fun doing it and want to participate in the events being held Then when I entered college, my friends and seniors took part in a competition held by the faculty, namely FKIP CUP and we were very excited to take part. long story short we did not qualify for the next round and most importantly we have tried and there is no curiosity. that's my story in participating in a competition.

Even though I don't use sport as a place to compete and become a champion in a competition, I am quite happy to do it and by exercising my body becomes healthy and fit every day. In my opinion, if you are serious about learning a sport that you like, practice seriously and be diligent in that one thing so that you can focus on achieving victory and everything you want. you can become a professional athlete if you intend to make it your main job and work according to your passion it will be much more fun and keep us away from stress because what we do must be what we like first so that everything we do is not in vain and have a positive impact on themselves and others.

Getting Around

The neighborhood where I live has a very dense population and that causes the city to be very crowded. the number of buildings and buildings that were built there became an icon that really reminds us of a city, namely Jakarta. That's where I grew up and grew up to be a young man who knows the hardships of living in an urban area like this where everyone is competing to get a good job and earn enough salary to meet all their needs. but I can't tell you about it, because I'm still a student, I will share my experience while living in Jakarta and living side by side with others.

Getting around my city was very fun, you can find many things there. I will share my experience of what I experience every day, which is about the use of transportation. before the emergence of the Covid 19 pandemic, learning was still done face-to-face, but when this pandemic emerged, everything changed and it was no longer allowed to go out of the house and continue to do all activities online. so I will discuss the use of transportation at the time before this pandemic appeared in Indonesia. Every day I go to campus by Transjakarta bus because it is more cost-effective and does not add to the air pollution which is already very severe in Indonesia, especially in Jakarta. it makes me more relaxed and not afraid of traffic jams, although sometimes taking the bus is also faced with traffic jams that rarely happen, so I prefer to take the bus rather than take private vehicles such as motorbikes or cars. 

Transportation was created to make it easier for humans to travel to many places, such as offices, schools, malls, shops, and so on. it all depends on your needs and interests. For example, when I want to go to campus, I can take the Transjakarta bus to get there, families who want to go to their hometown can take a plane to make their trip easier, and other examples such as Dad who wants to go to the office to work, he can use a motorbike or car to get there. with the many existing transportations becomes a very good convenience and facility for humans in completing their affairs and expedite the activities that have been made 

Survival

 In an emergency situation, of course, adequate equipment and supplies are needed for all victims of natural disasters. therefore must be alert in everything if there is a danger and natural disaster that does not know when it will happen. we are advised not to panic and remain calm when experiencing natural disasters because it can help us not to stress about what has been lost or disappeared due to very dangerous natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and others. Whatever happens, we must let go because what we have in this world is only a deposit and is temporary, the treasure is indeed valuable as long as we are still alive in the world, but when it is gone we must be able to let it all go for that, I will discuss a little about what is needed during an emergency and the best way to survive in any dangerous situations.

I am very grateful and grateful to God for still being given health and blessed until now so that to this day I have never experienced and experienced a serious and detrimental natural disaster. but, even though I have never experienced it, I also have to know and learn what to do to survive the emergency. for the safety of ourselves and those closest to us, this is very important to know in order to be a good and appropriate action when a time happens and we are ready for it. When there is an earthquake, all I know is don't panic and stay calm, immediately find a way out and occasionally take shelter in the rubble of buildings. or if you are in a panic, you can hide under the table and get out of there immediately. when it flooded. it is important for us to prepare the most valuable items such as letters and items that can still be saved. if the flood is deep, just hope that someone will help like someone who uses a rubber boat to evacuate victims

Stereotype

Exercise I

This time I will discuss a dialogue to find a point of view about stereotypes that occur around us. Based on conversations with Debbie, Mario, and Maria, I will try to find out what the existing stereotypes are and give my response to the common stereotypes.

I have found two stereotypes in this dialogue, namely that women must come first in all conditions. as contained in the dialogue that Mario and Maria are brothers and at the same time unequal twins have uniqueness and privileges. Maria mentioned that it was the girl who was born first and Mario a few minutes after that. This causes a man to have to give in and put his interests first. then the second stereotype is about Italian boys are always polite. this proves the wisdom of a man who can be polite and friendly to anyone, including his brother.

Talking about the riddles Debbie gave to Mario and Maria, they both had different answers and responses. Maria assumes that the surgeon is not her father because her father is also badly injured and Mario thinks that the surgeon may be her stepfather, but Debbie replies that the answer is wrong.

After Mario and Maria try to answer Debbie's riddle, in the end, no one can answer her question. then I tried to answer myself what the answer was and the answer was his mother. why? because the surgeon said that "he is my son" which means most likely the surgeon is his parents and he is his mother

Exercise II

I have determined the film that I will discuss and find out examples of stereotypes that occur in our daily lives, namely "The Adventures of Sherina" briefly that Sherina's character is represented as a very active, intelligent, fearless, and adventurous little girl. this is different from the stereotype that occurs in everyday life that women are weaker than men. I think that what Sherina did is quite successful in breaking the stereotype that women are weak with her courage and attitude that is able to prove to everyone that women can also do what men do even more than that.

Thank you and enjoy :)